Gallbladder carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumour of the bile ducts and the fifth most common malignant tumour of the digestive tract.
The risk factors associated with the development of gallbladder cancer include gallstones, chronic inflammation, gallbladder polyps, obesity, and exposure to heavy metals.
The early stages of gallbladder cancer are asymptomatic, whereas advanced stages of the disease can lead to symptoms such as icterus (jaundice), weight loss, pain, or a mass that can be palpated under the right rib cage.
Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool used to evaluate patients with gallbladder cancer. However, distinguishing between acute cholecystitis and cancer can be challenging. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder cancer is made in only 30-40% of patients. The majority of patients (60-70%) are diagnosed with the disease during a pathological examination after undergoing surgery to remove the gallbladder, most frequently due to benign conditions.
The type of treatment for gallbladder cancer depends on various factors such as the age and general health of the patient. Surgical treatment is the only potentially curative option. Chemotherapy is used to alleviate symptoms and extend survival in patients who are not surgical candidates.
Adopting a healthy diet, quitting smoking, engaging in physical activity, and avoiding exposure to chemical and biological agents that lead to chronic inflammation of the liver and bile ducts can reduce the risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancer.
